Is this the future of energy? Alaska Village Moves from Diesel to 'Micro-Nuke'
The small town of Galena, Alaska, is tired to pay 28 cents/kwh for its electricity, three times the national average. Today, Galena "is powered by generators burning diesel that is barged in during the Yukon River's ice-free months," according to Reuters. But Toshiba, which designs a small nuclear reactor named 4S (for "Super Safe, Small, & Simple"), is offering a free reactor to the 700-person village, reports the New York Times (no reg. needed). Galena will only pay for operating costs, driving down the price of electricity to less than 10 cents/kwh. The 4S is a sodium-cooled fast spectrum reactor -- a low-pressure, self-cooling reactor. It will generate power for 30 years before refueling and should be installed before 2010 providing an approval by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Read more...Follow the link to read his links. One thing I didn't get from that story is how much the 4S 10MW micro-nuke plant would have cost to buy outright, because I wondered if that would make the total cost uneconomical compared to fossil fuels. I found this interesting piece which had more detail.
First, where is Galena? Galena is a 700-person Athabascan Indian village on the Yukon River, located 275 miles west of Fairbanks and 550 miles northwest of Anchorage. (Credit: Shaw Pittman LLC).
Here is the status of the deal as told by Reuters.Galena officials met with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in Washington, D.C., on Wednesday. If the commission approves the plan, the reactor would be the first new one permitted in the United States since the early 1980s, according to an Alaska Public Radio Network report on Thursday.
Energy to power electricity is important to Galena. Winter temperatures can dip below minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 51 Celsius). Daylight is scarce because of the short days during the winter.
Galena is powered by generators burning diesel that is barged in during the Yukon River's ice-free months. That is costly and carries its own environmental risks because diesel can spill.
Toshiba, which designs a new 10-megawatt nuclear reactor, offered to install one of these in the hope that other isolated towns will follow, explains the New York Times.Toshiba offered Galena a free reactor if the town would pay the operating costs, estimated at 10 cents a kilowatt-hour, about the national average for power. In December, the City Council voted unanimously to take it.
Galena looked at other sources of energy, such as coal, which pollutes, and solar power, but the sun is not very present at this kind of latitude. So it decided to take the nuclear path.
Here are some details about the 4S reactor.Toshiba calls its design the 4S reactor, for "super-safe, small and simple." It would be installed underground, and in case of cooling system failure, heat would be dissipated through the earth. There are no complicated control rods to move through the core to control the flow of neutrons that sustain the chain reaction; instead, the reactor uses reflector panels around the edge of the core. If the panels are removed, the density of neutrons becomes too low to sustain the chain reaction.
Is this really a Super-Safe nuclear reactor?
The design is described as inherently safe, but it does have one riskier feature: It uses liquid sodium, not water, to draw heat away from the core, so the heat can be used to make steam and then electricity.
Designers chose sodium so they could run the reactor about 200 degrees hotter than most power reactors, but still keep the coolant depressurized. (Water at that temperature would make steam at thousands of pounds of pressure a square inch.) The problem is that if sodium leaks, it burns.
Anyway, if the Nuclear Regulatory Commission approves it -- which could cost millions of dollars to Toshiba -- the 4S reactor could be installed by 2010. It will use uranium enriched to 20 percent and generate power for 30 years before needing to be disposed of and replaced.
If you're really interested by this 4S reactor to be installed in Galena, you should read "Public Information and Outreach in Galena, Alaska," a document prepared by the Washington, D.C., firm Shaw Pittman LLC (PDF format, 20 pages, 360 KB). The above images come from this document.
The 4S reactor unit is referred to as a battery because it does not have moving parts, and once installed, its fuel will not need to be replaced as in conventional nuclear reactors.How sweet is this? The thing basically has the dimensions of a water tower.
The reactor unit is 50 feet to 60 feet tall and 6 to 8 feet in diameter. It will be built outside of Alaska, installed in the Yukon River community, encased in several tons of concrete and not be opened during its operating life, which is now estimated at 30 years.
Licensing will be an involved process that will take several years and substantial funding by Toshiba, Yoder said. It will also include development of a federal environmental impact statement.Wow. Admittedly, it's only competitive with fossil fuels because the energy consumer is so difficult to reach. Still, after a few hundred of these are built efficiencies and economies of scale are bound to drive the price down. Here's the sour note:
"It is in the public interest to pursue the siting of a Toshiba 4S nuclear battery in Galena," the resolution said. The council further directed Yoder to "establish a process and timeline leading to evaluations, industrial partners, and financial and contractual arrangements necessary to bring the economic and environmental benefits of the 4S to Galena."
Toshiba has offered to install the reactor at Galena free of cost if the licensing is approved as a commercial demonstration of the "nuclear battery" in a remote location.
Once the technology is approved for use in the United States, Toshiba believes there will be opportunities for sales worldwide, and elsewhere in rural Alaska, according to Robert Chaney, a researcher with Science Applications International Corp.
SAIC coordinated a U.S. Department of Energy study of long-term energy supply options for Galena, including the Toshiba battery. The University of Alaska and Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory worked with SAIC in the study.
The study showed the Toshiba battery can supply electricity to the community for about one-fourth of the cost of conventional diesel fuel.
Chaney said the DOE study weighed the cost benefits of nuclear against other ways of providing Galena with improved energy, including more efficient diesel generation, a small coal-fired power plant, and wind, solar and hydro-power from the nearby Yukon River.
Wind, solar and hydro-power were taken off the list as primary power sources when it was determined that site conditions in Galena did not make those options practical, Chaney told an Alaska Miners Association group in a Dec. 17 briefing on the project.
The analysis showed that, presuming the nuclear battery went into operation in 2010, by 2020 it could supply electricity to Galena for 5 to 14 cents a kilowatt hour (kWh), assuming the reactor is a gift from Toshiba and the community pays only operating costs.
In comparison, improved diesel generation could provide Galena power for 25 cents to 35 cents per kWh. Coal-fired power comes in as a serious alternative in the study, at 21 cents to 26 cents per kWh, Chaney told the mining group. A small coal-powered plant could use coal extracted from a thick coal seam about 12 miles from the community.
The nuclear option looks good even if Galena were to pay for the reactor. In that case the power costs were estimated at 15 cents to 25 cents per kWh in the study, Chaney said. Toshiba has estimated the cost of the 4S reactor at $25 million. Galena's power is now 28 cents per kWh.
However, the nuclear costs vary so much because of uncertainty over the number of security guards the federal NRC may require at the site, Chaney said. Toshiba told SAIC that if the NRC's current regulations are followed, 34 security guards would be needed at the Galena site.The NRC wants to have 34 guys protecting something the size of a small town water tower, which provides energy for a village of 700. Extrapolating shows why such requirements are sheer lunacy unless the intent is to kill off this market completely: you'd have to have 14.5 million Americans employed as nuclear battery security guards to provide energy for the three hundred million of us. Luckily they plan on trying to talk some sense into the NRC:
Chaney said a terrorist attack in a small, isolated rural community like Galena is unlikely because an unknown outsider would quickly be recognized. The 4S unit would be encased under several feet of concrete, "and if people show up with jackhammers, everyone in town will be aware of it."This development will make more of our world habitable, and more of its natural resources exploitable, increasing the world's prosperity and carrying capacity (don't forget the reduced demand for fossil fuels, either-this should help drive down the price, or at least prevent it from heading much higher).
A more appropriate staffing for security might be 4 guards, augmented by a state trooper and Galena city police who are nearby, Chaney said. If the NRC accepts that, he operating costs will be low enough to deliver electricity for 5 cents, according to the study.
The 4S unit will supply far more electricity than Galena now uses, but if it is installed there will be ample, inexpensive power available for local residents to convert homes from heating with expensive fuel oil to more affordable electricity.
Even then, there will be substantial excess power, enough to operate greenhouses that can grow vegetables and fruit year-around for the community, Chaney said.
Chaney said that if the 10 megawatt design for the 4S is approved and works as expected, Toshiba or other companies should be encouraged to work on smaller versions of it. A 2 megawatt or 4 megawatt version might be sized more appropriately for small, remote communities in Alaska.Once they've proven their mettle, let's pepper the nation with these nuclear batteries and start to break the back of long-term fossil-fuel dependency. I don't imagine we'll ever eliminate fossil fuel usage, because the installed platform for fossil fuel use is huge and growing daily. But I do imagine the energy markets diversifying away from fossil fuels for those energy customers that don't need it. I can see why a car needs to burn fossil fuels: biggest energy punch for a given amount of fuel, given the size limitations being worked with. But what says that towns' electricity needs to be generated with coal or oil? What's wrong with exploiting modular nuclear battery power for all our non-transportation energy needs? This is brilliant and I really hope it succeeds.
Alaska miners are interested in the Galena project because if the NRC approves Toshiba's proposal, larger nuclear batteries could provide power to remote mines. Toshiba does have a 50 megawatt version of the 4S design, which would be useful at an operating mine in a remote location.
The cost and difficulty of supplying power are currently major obstacles to two large but remote mining projects now being studied - the Donlin Creek gold project near the Kuskokwim River and the Pebble gold-copper prospect on the Alaska Peninsula.
Tribal officials from around the region and environmentalists say they are suspicious of the nuclear proposal.Foist? They offered it and the town said "hell yeah we'll take it". That's far from a foisting, more like a win-win situation. Two, this is going to replace diesel burning-2 million gallons of it a year. That pollutes.
"Why is Toshiba doing this, giving it away for free, trying to foist this experimental technology on rural Alaska when they can't even license this in Japan?" said Pam Miller, program manager for Alaska Community Action on Toxics, an Anchorage-based environmental group.
“They use about 2 million gallons of diesel a year and get four to five megawatts of power—at a cost of between 20 and 32 cents per kilowatt hour in Galena. It gets to 60 below zero in Galena, cold enough to freeze propane, so energy and heat are important. In some parts of Alaska, the cost of electricity can go up to $1 a kilowatt hour," he said. “In addition, extensive military installations in the area use a lot of the polluting diesel."Finally, the best this parasite can come up with is "but the Japanese haven't licensed it"? So what? If our own NRC figures it's safe, why do we have to abide by the most skittish country's unreasoning fear of new nuclear technology? That's the best she can come up with, negative peer pressure? "But the other kids aren't doing it"?
41 comments, latest by Steve at 11:12 am 10/8
A problem with peppering the country with tons of these nuclear batteries is that at the end of their 30 year lifespan, the nuclear materials have to be deposited somewhere, and this country has yet to deal with existing nuclear waste storage. Yucca Mt. was supposed to deal with the problem, but Harry Reid is trying to gum up the works. Existing nuclear plants have to store their high level waste on site, and many facilities are already at capacity. Others are getting close to capacity.
No blood for Uranium!!!
Nuclear Cheese!
yeah those damn ecoweenies. the world would be so much nicer with black skies, toxic rivers on fire, and wildlife consisting mostly of mosquitos, deer, and pigeons.
Hey asswipe, these nuclear batteries are to replace polluting diesel generators. Any scientist worth his/her salt will tell you that nuclear is the best, cleanest option we have, yet you eco-weenies object? That's why no one takes you seriously. Go suck up to Martin Sheen, he shares your pain.
These people lived for 10000 years without power... why is it so necessary now? They need to watch Opra? That aside... But yeah, it would be better than diesel if it works 1/2 as well as predicted. Any scientiest will actually tell you conservation is the best, most reliable, most terrorist proof option we have... but I suspect the folks in Galena are pretty good at conserving already, unlike the rest of the lower 48 (although we would be too if we were paying 35cents/kwh).
Toshiba is saying this first plant will cost over $600 million to build (mostly R&D) but they think they could get it down to $25 million when they get volumes in the 200s. $25 million still sounds like an awful for for power for 700 people, doesn't it?
And then we have the waste whose half-life is much longer than the existence of all written languages. What language are we going to label the stuff in so that when they dig it up in 10,000 years, they'll know that it's not a fun time-capsule we left them?
After the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC] was dissuaded from exploding their thermonuclear bombs at Ogotoruk Valley in 1962, AEC scientists decided to bring fresh radioactive fallout to Alaska drawn from an earlier thermonuclear explosion at the large Nev ada test site. In August of 1962 approximately 26 milliCuries (mCi) of isotopes and mixed fission products were transported to the Chariot location and buried. As later reported by Douglas Vandegraft (1993) of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Srvice, this included a maximum of: 10 mCi of mixed fission products, 6 mCi of Cesium 137, 5 mCi of Iodine 131, and 5 mCi of Strontium 185. All together, this represented 17.5 pounds of sediment, sand, and dust along with small "segregated quan tities" of Iodine 131, Strontium 85, and Cesium 137, mixed with sand.
The experiment was basically designed to determine "the dispersal, in an hydrologic environment, of radioactive products from a buried nuclear explosive." In so doing, it would answer a question the AEC had earlier posed to the United States Geological S urvey (USGS): Would the bombs contaminate local drinking water? The response of the USGS was that "under some situations, effects...could be substantial and a serious handicap to Man's activities." After these amounts of radioactive fallout were placed in measured plots of ground at Ogotoruk Valley, the ground was watered to simulate rainfall.
In his report on the Project Chariot, Douglas Vandegraft (1993) stated that "The scientists had used Iodine 131, Strontium 85, and Cesium 137 which were not permitted according to the USGS license, and the quantities of radioactive isotopes buried in the mound were larger than permitted - perhaps as much as 1,000 times more strontium and cesium as allowed by federal regulations. Also, the BLM permit to the AEC did not allow the use of radioactive materials."
When questioned about this, Arthur Baker, acting Director of the USGS in Washington, D.C., responded that the radioactive material had been dispersed to harmless background levels, and "the extreme cold coupled with the permafrost in the area causes distu rbed ground to freeze solid early in the winter and to remain frozen...It is our opinion that...this material does not constitute a hazard."
In 1992, Dan O'Neill, a researcher at the University of Alaska, learned about this burial from recently declassified Department of Energy documents. Shortly thereafter, the burial mound was excavated. At the two foot level, radiation counters detected low levels of radiation. At this point, Inupiat leaders from Point Hope and the North Slope Borough demanded immediate action to remove radioactive materials from the site. Native residents of Point Hope were particularly angry - in part because that village had experienced a high rate of cancer related deaths in the past 30 years. Further studies undertaken by the federal and state governments concluded that no hazard existed. However, if the Natives of Arctic Alaska insisted, all radioactive material would be removed.
Jessie Kaleak, mayor of the North Slope Borough, responded: "We Alaskans believe this action is the very least the government can do. [However] The plan doesn't address health issues and the monitoring of our oceans and land and marine animals. That is s omething we pushed for and we are not going to give up on it."
Shortly thereafter, at a considerable expense, all the radioactive components were removed from the buried site. The health and monitoring of oceans, land, and marine animals issues raised by Mayor Kaleak have yet to be thoroughly addressed.
It just confounds the senses that the villagers in galena are eager to be used as human guinea pigs again when the record clearly shows that UAF and the AEC/NRC are liars with no consience and guilty of crimes against humanity, willing to sell their souls and their childrens future to line their own pockets. Shame on you and shame on the village of Galena and the miners who eagerly wait to line their pockets as well. Lisa Murkowskie told me to my face that this project faced a poor prospect. I think she lied. Yet she pushed thru legislation to compensate nuclear workers for the atrocities they performed on the unsuspecting native villagers. Lest any of you forget, the environmental movement originally started in alaska when 3 university professors were fired at UAF for having the courage to stand against the lies and bribes of the "Firecracker Boys".
So if you sincerely want to discard some lies, you should discard Toshiba, Lisa and the NRC.
I want one for an SUV!
Don't we all.
Take it from an engineer that tried the green life.
I lived in the Fla heat without electricity growing veggies for two years. True, I wasnt overweight .
My young son, however, developed a pollen allergy and when his temp stayed steady at 104 we took him to a hospital.
He quickly recovered and they did this and that for a week. What they really did was provide him with cooler filtered air.
My wife and I went back to normal work and paid for insulation and power.
Sure we lived without power for thousands of years but we also lived with a huge percentage of child deaths.
Designers are concerned with a green environment too ( some developers will always poisen the majority for a few bucks ) and I suggest blockers should increase their education instead of automatically selecting the popular antiestablishment view and be prepared to offer a better plan instead of simple negativity.
To "prudence", I'd like to know how conservation can actually generate energy. I try to conserve too (I banned incandescent lamps from our house long ago) but perhaps you can tell me how to make our total energy consumption negative with conservation.
Fission wastes consist of a wide range of radioactive isotopes, most with extremely short half lives in the range of seconds. After the spent fuel has "cooled" for a year or so, only a few isotopes remain to make it hazardous, especially strontium-90 (29 year half life) and caesium-137 (30 year half life). The other isotopes, mainly unfissioned uranium and the "transuranics", have half lives so long as to make their radioactivities very small. So far from remaining hazardous "longer than the existence of all written languages", high level nuclear waste will in only about 500 years decay to the activity of the uranium ore from which the fuel was originally made.
I suspect that there will still be people able to read our English 500 years from now, and most of them will curse us for having burned the earth's entire stocks of carbonaceous materials that they could have used to manufacture useful materials like plastics, and drastically changing the earth's climate in the process. And they will shake their heads sadly at our irrational phobia regarding a far more benign and plentiful energy source.
I support the careful use of nuclear power precisely because I'm an environmentalist concerned about air pollution and climate change. I have the credentials to prove it -- a 2kW photovoltaic system on my roof -- but I happen to support all methods of electricity generation that don't burn fossil fuels. That includes solar, wind and nuclear.
I do not support this particular project, primarily because of the location. It would make much more sense for a pilot project to be placed in an urban environment with a nearby university and an enginerring school so the device could be properly evaluated.
True the town council agreed to it but who could honestly say this was informed consent.
Although I believe that nuclear is a possible option for the future, the industry and the gummit are a bunch of damn liars are not to be trusted. The articles analysis of the security costs are just one example where the bureacracy could cut your throat and make this uneconomic at any time.
I disagree. If the thing should have a catastrophic failure during trials, far better for it to be in remote Alaska instead of here! An urban environment means several thousand lives at risk potentially, instead of a couple hundred. Sorry, I know that sounds harsh, but thats the way it is.
Great idea! I also agree with your proposal that "nuclear batteries" be used in the contiguous 48 states where appropriate, and there are plenty of relatively remote areas in the US where they would make economic sense.
I live in Denver - a major traffic problem is waiting at ground level railroad crossing for 50-car coal trains to move through to our city power plant and to other cities' coal-fired power plants. If we used uranium-powered nuclear power or mixed uranium/plutonium oxides in General Atomics' modular prismatic core helium-cooled power plant, which like Toshiba's "nuclear battery" is buried completely in an sunken concrete structure, our per-kilowatt rate would drop below the present level of about 30 kwh - perhaps far below.
The real pity of it all is that we're almost sitting on top of massive gas and oil-bearing shales here in the Rockies, but since natural gas is in such demand, it costs ten times or so as much per BTU than coal and is mostly shipped out of state.
We have sufficient uranium and plutonium here in the US to take care of our energy needs for the foreseeable future. It's time to tell Sen Harry Reid that it's his constituents' turn in the nuclear waste barrel (so to speak) - here in the metro Denver area we've just shut down the Rocky Flats plutonium processing plant after having it here pretty much for the entire Cold War (with nothing like the security and containment of Yucca Mountain), AND across town we've had the largest nerve gas factory and storage dump on Earth. We didn't whine and we didn't have our senators try to get Congress to move the things or shut them down when the nation needed them to defend our country. We did our patriotic duty. Now it's Nevada's turn.
The fact is that nuclear power is much cleaner, and actually releases LESS radioactivity to the environment in routine generation of electricity than burning fossil fuels. The new General Atomics prismatic reactor has a unique pyrolytic carbon-clad fuel element from which the nuclear fuel and fission products cannot escape - which renders the complaint that transporting spent fuel elements from reactors to reprocessing facilities is unsafe invalid.
If we'd told the anti-nuclear morons to sod off in the late '70s and early '80s and continued building nuclear power plants as we had planned to, we'd be in a good position to declare energy independence, using our domestic fossil fuel deposits as a bridge motor fuel until electrolytically produced hydrogen or some other power source can be developed and deployed for the nation's auto and truck fleet and electrical catenary can be strung nationwide for our trains.
We owe the anti-nuclear protesters of the world so much. My son died in Iraq because the anti-nuclear crowd (some of whom were quietly taking money from Big Oil lobbyists) made us largely dependent on foreign oil. I would give a lot of money to be left alone with an anti-nuclear protester and a Louisville Slugger for about thirty minutes.
Wish I'd been here when this thread was fresh.
i want to know about nuclear baterry.
I want to be six feet tall and blonde. Life is rough, ali.
Still didn't Toshiba Corp contact NRC for the license in 2006 ? Why don't US ruin Toshiba Corp the thievish terrorist ? Also GE will be theived ABWR patents by the company.
Does Babelfish have a Gibberish to English translator?
I would tell you, but then I'd have to solve the CAPTCHA and I'm too lazy to do that.
Any updates on when or if they finished installing the reactor in Galena?
If you need a new battery, I suggest you could purchase one from [the website I'm spamming] , which would shipping to you fast and the quality is satisfy satisfied.:)
Like I was saying.
Hehe. That was timely.
Why do I need to do that, when I can get 5 4-packs of AA's that last forever, for $10 at the Radio Shack just four blocks away?
BTW, any idea why all of a sudden we're getting a bunch of random people posting on old, old threads?
One of the charms of Bloggie is random people. Perhaps at some point they will have something to say.
Although, not so far.
Optimistic, aren't you? :D
At least this isn't the abortion thread.
Are you saying you don't have any controversial advice for the Toshiba people? Like adding Flintstones to the battery for better sludge quality?
Are you saying you don't have any controversial advice for the Toshiba people? Like adding Flintstones to the battery for better sludge quality?
zorkie, zorkie, zorkie... it's almost like you want more weirdos.
I guess we're just not weird enough for her {sigh}
Your Excellency, the papers are demanding to know what you're going to do about the abortion bill.
Pay it. Pay it already.
zorkie, zorkie, zorkie... it's almost like you want more weirdos.
I guess we're just not weird enough for her {sigh}
Take that as a compliment!
Well, zorkie, now that you ask...
The problem in the UK is that customers don't have guns.
I don't think they should do this, the lack of pollution would be nice but i come from an isolated village [I'm alaskan native]
and what happens if they have a minniture chernobyl? i've got koyukuk cousins, and we dont need any more friggin potlatches [native version of a funeral] up here!!
Twytchy, the design of the Toshiba 4S doesn't allow for a Chernobyl-style accident. Consider the waste of resources, and the exorbitant cost to the consumers, of using diesel to generate heat and electricity. Couldn't those resources be better used elsewhere? Don't let your fear or ignorance of nuclear power deter you (and the rest of us) from making better use of all our resources and maintain a cleaner environment in the process.
#7 jomama: 17 millicuries is not enough material to statistically increase cancer rates if the local residents ate it before it was buried. They probably got far more than that from above ground testing by the Chinese in the 80's - which was detectable in much of the US (including the nuclear plant I worked at which hadn't started up yet.) I would analyze dietary changes in the Native American populations as a more likely source - they probably eat far more processed foods and live a bit longer due to vaccines and medical care (so they are less apt to die of disease and more apt to live long enough for cancers to show up.)...